Respiration

The respiratory system is the system responsible for taking in oxygen—the source of life for our bodies—from the air, delivering it to our cells, and expelling carbon dioxide, a waste gas. Breathing occurs as air travels from the nose and mouth through the windpipe to the depths of the lungs—specifically, the airways known as the bronchi. In a healthy respiratory system, these airways are flexible and allow unobstructed airflow; however, when the delicate balance of this system is disrupted, various disorders arise.

Asthma results from the narrowing of the airways due to various environmental and/or personal factors. Inflammation in the lungs makes the airways much more sensitive, making it difficult to breathe.

• Symptoms: The most prominent symptoms are shortness of breath, wheezing, a feeling of tightness in the chest, and a chronic cough.
• Risk Factors: Allergens such as pollen, house dust, and pet dander, as well as cigarette smoke, air pollution, and intense stress, can trigger attacks.

Genetic predisposition (family history) is one of the most important factors. Children, women, and people who work in dusty or chemical environments are also at risk. Suffering from a severe infection during infancy or being exposed to cigarette smoke also plays a role in the development of the disease.

Diagnosis involves a comprehensive evaluation rather than relying on a single method. The patient’s lifestyle and history of symptoms are examined in detail.

The diagnosis is made through a physical examination and pulmonary function tests.

COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) is a progressive condition characterized by a permanent restriction of airflow in and out of the lungs. It is most often caused by an inflammatory response to harmful gases and particles (particularly cigarette smoke).

• Symptoms: The most common symptoms are shortness of breath, cough, and phlegm. Over time, daily activities become more difficult and quality of life declines.
• Risk Factors: The most significant risk factor is smoking. Air pollution, occupational exposures, genetic factors, asthma, childhood infections, and low socioeconomic status may also play a role.
• Diagnosis: The diagnosis is made by measuring lung capacity and airflow using a pulmonary function test (spirometry).